Widely tunable and high resolution mid-infrared laser based on BaGa4Se7 optical parametric oscillator.

The widely tunable and high resolution mid-infrared laser based on a BaGa4Se7 (BGSe) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was demonstrated. A wavelength tuning range of 2.76-4.64 µm and a wavelength tuning resolution of about 0.3 nm were obtained by a BGSe (56.3°, 0°) OPO, which was pumped by a 1064 nm laser. It is the narrowest reported wavelength tuning resolution for BGSe OPO, and was obtained by simultaneously controlling the angle and temperature of BGSe.

Composição volátil das uvas ao espumante da cv. Chardonnay em diferentes condições de manejo no sul de Minas Gerais (Brasil) / Volatile composition from grapes to sparkling wine of Chardonnay vine in different management conditions in southern of Minas Gerais (Brazil)

O aroma é um dos fatores mais importantes na determinação da qualidade e do caráter do vinho. Isso se deve à presença de compostos voláteis que estão associados às suas características organolépticas ou diferentes proporções entre estes compostos que podem ser influenciadas por fatores vitícolas (clima, solo, cultivar, manejo) e enológicos (maturação da uva, fermentação, tratamentos pósfermentativos). A região do sul de Minas Gerais vem se destacando na produção de espumantes de qualidade, e, nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a influência do manejo da videira no desenvolvimento do aroma, da baga até o espumante, a fim de estabelecer associações com a qualidade do produto final. Os experimentos foram realizados com a cultivar Chardonnay em diferentes condições de manejo, em que foram avaliados clones, porta-enxertos, sistemas de condução e densidades de plantio. Foram analisados os compostos voláteis livres por HS-SPME/GC-MS das bagas, mostos, vinhos base e espumantes nas safras 2016, 2017 e 2018. O trabalho foi dividido em quatro partes para a apresentação dos resultados. A primeira consistiu em verificar a influência do material genético na composição volátil da cv. Chardonnay com os experimentos de clones e portaenxertos; a segunda parte avaliou a composição volátil do clone 809 até o espumante; a terceira, em analisar as vinificações dos diferentes sistemas de condução; e a quarta, em avaliar a evolução dos compostos voláteis da baga ao espumante e analisar os aromas que as densidades de plantio podem conferir ao espumante. As principais classes de compostos aromáticos identificados nas matrizes foram: C6-C9 aldeídos, álcoois superiores, aldeídos ramificados, benzenoides, monoterpenoides, norisoprenoides, sesquiterpenoides, cetonas e ácidos graxos. Os resultados mostraram que os clones e os porta-enxertos apresentaram perfis voláteis diferentes, indicando que a variabilidade entre os clones e que a enxertia têm influência no metabolismo da baga; o clone 809 apresenta maior abundância de compostos monoterpenoides, confirmando o seu caráter moscato, das uvas aos espumantes; os diferentes sistemas de condução e densidades de plantio alteram o metabolismo da14 baga, refletindo no perfil volátil dos espumantes nas safras estudadas. Dessa forma, os dados indicam que a composição volátil sofre influência do manejo da videira ao espumante

Aroma is one of the most important factors in determining the quality and character of wine. This is due to the presence of volatile compounds that are associated with their organoleptic characteristics or different proportions among these compounds that can be influenced by viticultural (climate, soil, cultivar, management) and oenological factors (grape maturation, fermentation, post fermentation treatments). The southern region of Minas Gerais has been standing out in the production of quality sparkling wines, and in this context, the purpose of the present work was to learn about the influence of grapevine management on the development of aroma, from berry to sparkling wine, in order to establish associations with the quality of the final product. The experiments were carried out with the Chardonnay cultivar under different management conditions, in which clones, rootstocks, trellising systems and planting densities were evaluated. The free volatile compounds by HS-SPME/GC-MS of the berries, musts, base and sparkling wines in the 2016, 2017 and 2018 harvests were analyzed. The work was divided into four parts in order to present the results. The first part consisted of verifying the influence of genetic material on the volatile composition of the cv. Chardonnay with the experiments on clones and rootstocks; the second part evaluated the volatile composition of clone 809 up to the sparkling wine; the third one part analyzed the vinification of the different trainig systems; and the fourth part evaluated the evolution of the volatile compounds from the berry to the sparkling wine and analyzed the aromas that the planting densities can confer to the sparkling wine. The main classes of aromatic compounds identified in the matrices were: C6-C9 aldehydes, higher alcohols, branched aldehydes, benzenoids, monoterpenoids, norisoprenoids, sesquiterpenoids, ketones and fatty acids. The results showed that the clones and the rootstocks have different volatile profiles, indicating that variability among clones and that grafting have great relevance to the berry secondary metabolism; the 809 clone presents a greater abundance of monoterpenoid compounds, confirming its muscat character, from grapes to sparkling wines; the different training systems and planting densities alter the berry´s metabolism, reflecting16 in the volatile profile of sparkling wines in the studied harvests. The data indicate that the volatile composition is influenced by the management of the berry to the sparkling wine

Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Solanum corymbiflorum leaves.

Solanum corymbiflorum is popularly known as "baga-de-veado" and its leaves are applied on inflamed legs, scabies, tick bite, boils, mastitis, low back pain and otitis. The aim of this study was evaluate anti-inflammatory in vivo activity and relate this activity with antioxidant compounds present in the extract of S. corymbiflorum leaves. The extract from S. corymbiflorum leaves topically applied was able to reduce the croton oil-induced ear edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity with maximum inhibition of 87±3% and 45±7%, rescpectively in the dose of 1mg/ear. Similar results were found for positive control dexamethasone, which presented inhibitions of ear edema and MPO activity of 89±3% and 50±3%, respectively in a dose of 0.1mg/ear. These findings are due, at least in part, the presence of polyphenols (195.28mg GAE/g) and flavonoids, as chlorogenic acid (59.27mg/g), rutin (12.72mg/g), rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid found by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. This species showed potencial antioxidant by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and carbonyl groups in proteins methods which may be related with the presence of this compounds. This species possess anti-inflammatory activity confirming their popular use for the local treatment of skin inflammatory disorders.

Refined analyses suggest that recombination is a minor source of genomic diversity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic cystic fibrosis infections.

Chronic bacterial airway infections in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) are often caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, typically showing high phenotypic diversity amongst co-isolates from the same sputum sample. Whilst adaptive evolution during chronic infections has been reported, the genetic mechanisms underlying the observed rapid within-population diversification are not well understood. Two recent conflicting reports described very high and low rates of homologous recombination in two closely related P. aeruginosa populations from the lungs of different chronically infected CF patients. To investigate the underlying cause of these contrasting observations, we combined the short read datasets from both studies and applied a new comparative analysis. We inferred low rates of recombination in both populations. The discrepancy in the findings of the two previous studies can be explained by differences in the application of variant calling techniques. Two novel algorithms were developed that filter false-positive variants. The first algorithm filters variants on the basis of ambiguity within duplications in the reference genome. The second omits probable false-positive variants at regions of non-homology between reference and sample caused by structural rearrangements. As gains and losses of prophage or genomic islands are frequent causes of chromosomal rearrangements within microbial populations, this filter has broad appeal for mitigating false-positive variant calls. Both algorithms are available in a Python package.

Maturação tecnológica e qualidade da uva ‘Itália’ em cultivo protegido sob distintos manejos hídricos / Technological maturity and quality of ‘Itália’ grape in protected cultivation with different water conditions

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a maturação tecnológica e as dimensões (diâmetro, comprimento e volume) das bagas de videiras cultivadas em ambiente protegido, submetidas a diferentes condições de disponibilidade hídrica no solo e consumo de água. Utilizaram-se plantas de Vitis vinifera L., cv. 'Itália', enxertadas sobre '420A', conduzidas em latada descontínua e cobertas com lonas plásticas de polipropileno trançado impermeabilizado com polietileno (160μm). Os tratamentos constituíram-se de distintos conteúdos de água disponível no solo, com o tratamento controle (T1) sob condição de capacidade de campo e potencial matricial da água no solo (ψm) ao redor de -33,34kPa. Os demais tratamentos tiveram limites inferiores de -42,12kPa (T2), -76,28kPa (T3) e -94,32kPa (T4). Quando esses limites eram alcançados, iniciava-se a irrigação até atingir a capacidade de campo. Os tratamentos T3e T4 anteciparam o ciclo e a maturação tecnológica das bagas em relação ao controle, mas restringiram o acúmulo relativo de sólidos solúveis totais e o volume da baga em relação ao controle. Em contrapartida, o déficit hídrico moderado (T2) apresentou maior eficiência do uso da água pelas plantas, racionalizando o uso da água, e foi a condição mais adequada para incrementar a qualidade das uvas.

The present research was conducted to evaluate the technological maturation and the size parameters (diameter, length and volume) of berries subjected to different soil water conditions and water consumption of grapevines, cultivated within a protected environment. The plants were from Vitis vinifera L., 'Itália' cultivar, grafted on '420A', trained on a discontinuous trellis system and total covered with a plastic woven of polypropylene sealed with polyethylene (160μm). Treatments were comprised of specific contents of soil water availability, where the control (T1) was kept under field capacity conditions with a soil water matrix potential (ψm) of -33.34 kPa. The other treatments were represented by ψm limits of -42.12 kPa (T2), -76.28 kPa (T3) and -94.32 kPa (T4). When the ψm limits were reached the irrigation was performed up to the field capacity condition. The treatments T3 and T4 anticipated the phenological cycle and the technological maturation of berries, but reduced the berry volume and the relative content of total soluble solids, in comparison to the control. In contrast, moderated drought (T2) coupled with greater efficiency of water use by plants and was the best condition to improve the quality of grapes and water saving.

Produção, composição da uva e teores de nitrogênio na folha e no pecíolo em videiras submetidas à adubação nitrogenada / Grapes yield, composition and nitrogen content in leaf and leaf petioles in grapevine with nitrogen fertilization

A videira tem grande importância econômica no Sul do Brasil, mas sua produtividade está associada à utilização de fertilizantes, especialmente nitrogenados, que afetam a produtividade e a composição das bagas. O seu estado nutricional pode ser avaliado pelo teor de N na folha completa e no pecíolo. O trabalho objetivou avaliar como a aplicação de N afeta o seu teor na folha completa e pecíolo, usados para a recomendação de N à videira, e sobre a produção e composição química da uva. O trabalho compreendeu dois experimentos realizados em um vinhedo comercial no município de Planalto (RS), safra 2006/07, sobre um Cambissolo. No experimento 1, videiras Bordô e no experimento 2, Couderc 13 foram submetidas à aplicação de 0, 30, 60 e 90kg ha-1 de N, sendo 50 por cento aplicado após o inicio da brotação, 25% durante a brotação e 25% durante a floração. No pleno florescimento e na mudança da cor da uva foram coletadas folhas completas (limbo+pecíolo) e pecíolos, que foram secos, moídos e preparados à análise de N total. Na maturação da uva foram coletados, aleatoriamente, cinco cachos no centro e na parte externa da planta, pesados, determinado o comprimento, a largura e, em seguida, retiradas 100 bagas, pesadas e reservadas. Posteriormente, os demais cachos foram coletados e pesados para a determinação da produção de uva por planta e produção por hectare. As amostras de bagas reservadas foram trituradas e analisado o total de N, fósforo (P) e potássio (K). Os resultados mostram de forma destacada que as amostras de folhas completas, coletadas no pleno florescimento na cultivar "Bordô" e "Couderc 13", são adequadas para avaliar a disponibilidade de N na planta. A aplicação de N mineral aumentou a produção de uva na cultivar "Bordô" e o total de N nas bagas em ambas as cultivares.

The vine has an economic importance in the South of Brazil, but its productivity is associated with the utilization of fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N) ones, which affects the productivity and the composition of the grapes. Its nutritional state can be evaluated by the N content in the foliar lamina and petiole. Two experiments were carried out in 2006/07 to evaluate the effect of the N fertilization in the N content of the foliar lamina and petiole, which is used for the N recommendation, yield and grape composition of vine, at Haplumbrept soil in Southern Brazil, Planalto city. Bordô vines of the experiment 1 and Couderc 13 ones of the experiment 2 were submitted to applications of 0, 30, 60 and 90kg ha-1 of N as follow: 50 percent was applied after the beginning of bud burst, 25% during bud burst and 25% during the flowering. Samples of the foliar lamina and petiole were collected in the flowering and verasion. The samples were dried, grinded and prepared to the total N analysis. By the time of the grape maturation, five bunches were collected randomly in the center and in the external part of the plant, which were weighted and submitted to length and wide measurements. Sequentially, 100 grapes were taken from these bunches, weighted and reserved. Following, the other bunches were collected and weighted, in order to determine the yield per plant and per hectare. Berries reserved were triturated and N-total, P and K were evaluated. The results clearly showed that the samples of foliar lamina collected in the flowering of the 'Bordô' and 'Courdec 13' cultivars were suitable to evaluate the availability of N in the plant. The N fertilization had increased the yield of grape in the Bordô cultivar and the total N in the grapes of both cultivars.